ENGL 2200: English II (Prof. Khan)

The first appearance of Conrad's short story in the pages of 'Cosmopolis' magazine in June,1897.

'Cosmopolis' magazine, July, 1897.

An account by H.H. Johnson of a journey to trading outposts on the Congo River that had been established by Sir Henry Morton Stanley for the Belgian government's program of colonization.

This 2020 article by Adam Hochschild in 'The Atlantic' examines the controversy surrounding the return of art that was looted from the Congo.

In this 'New Yorker' article, a class in English literature questions whether Conrad's novella is an attack on colonialism or an example of it.

This documentary recounts how Belgium's rubber trade in Central Africa rested upon racism, forced labor, terror, and brutal physical punishments (90 mins). Contains violent images.

Pro-Belgian propaganda by British journalist Demetrious Boulger who presents King Leopold's subjugation of the Congo as a project of civilization. Contains photos.

This documentary film examines the many crimes against humanity committed by Belgium during its subjugation of the Congo (103 mins.). Contains violent images.

Twain's satiric condemnation of the bloody and oppressive rule of Belgium's King Leopold in the Congo.

Written by an ardent opponent of imperialism in Africa, this book served to catalog a long list of abuses against the people of the Congo.

This website provides digital access to art objects from Central Africa that were looted by Belgian authorities. The museum is currently engaged in a multi-year project to return the art to the Congolese people.

A defense of Belgium's program of colonization and Christianization of the the Congo written by an American. The author is highly dismissive of the Congo Reform Association's exposure of Belgian cruelties because similar arguments could be used against southern states in the U.S.A.

A disturbing record of atrocities compiled by anti-colonialist activists of the Congo Reform Association. Joseph Conrad's "Statement in Regard to the Congo State" may be found on p. 40.