HUMN 4325 - FROZEN! The Climate Crisis of 1816 and Its Lessons for Today

The text of the poem.

A 2012 University of Oregon Master's thesis by Michael Sean Munger.

An illustrated article from The Economist Magazine, 11 April 2015.

This 2006 article was published in the Indonesian Journal on Geoscience.

An open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union.

Presents research that an 1809 volcanic eruption in the tropics contributed to the "Year Without a Summer".

This 1974 conference report describes weather events in the United States after the eruption of Mount Tambora.

An article on the "year without a summer" in Connecticut.

Lecturer Jessica Kandlbauer is an AXA Research Fellow at the University of Bristol (UK).

A 2012 article, published in Climate of the Past.

A synthesis of evidence drawn from the fields of volcanology, oceanography, glaciology, meteorology, climatology, astronomy, and history.

A collection of scientific articles.

Shows how past climate disruptions have destabilized societies through food shortages, hunger, disease, and political upheaval.

How scientists are analyzing old paintings for information on atmospheric pollutants.

Studies on the relationship between weather and disease by Thomas Bateman (1778-1821) of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Two historians use archival materials and contemporary publications to reconstruct the weather year of 1816.

This report from the London Geological Society looks at the most explosive volcanoes Earth, and the climatic effects produced by them.

This paper examines the environmental and social impact of the Tambora eruption through the use of contemporary 19th-century measurements and proxy data.

This 2015 article by Eric Klemetti was published in Wired.

An illustrated conference publication from the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research.

An excerpt from The Year without Summer, a book by William K. Klingaman and Nicholas P. Klingaman (2013).

A 2013 University of Illinois M.S. degree thesis by Darien M Ciuro Sanchez.

This 2003 article examines the chemical traces of the 1815 Tambora eruption that are found in ice cores.

A New York Times article by William Broad (Aug. 24, 2015).